![]() We use computed tomography to visualize high-resolution three-dimensional anatomy, describing morphologies that were poorly characterized in early salamanders, including the braincase, scapulocoracoid, and lower jaw. ![]() We report fossils from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland representing almost the entire skeleton of the enigmatic stem-salamander Marmorerpeton. This poor record also limits understanding of the origin of Lissamphibia (i.e., frogs, salamanders, and caecilians). However, their origin and early radiation remain poorly understood, with early fossil stem-salamanders so far represented by larval or incompletely known taxa. Salamanders are an important group of living amphibians and model organisms for understanding locomotion, development, regeneration, feeding, and toxicity in tetrapods. The alternative mode of nutrition in carnivorous plants is reflected in their plastid genomes, which resemble the reduced plastomes of parasitic and mycoheterotrophic plants. Approximately 7.5% of carnivorous plants are aquatic plants, with demands for survival being different from those of terrestrial plants. In carnivorous plants with active trapping mechanisms, spatiotemporal changes in AN and respiration rate (RD) occur during prey capture and digestion, owing to the interplay of electrical and hormonal signaling. However, after digestion, nutrient uptake from the prey can increase AN, growth, and reproduction. The cost of carnivory includes several anatomical, ultrastructural, and biochemical adaptations of traps, which favor nutrient uptake from prey over photosynthetic assimilation. The reasons for low AN in carnivorous plants are (i) low nitrogen and phosphorus content in the soil and leaves and (ii) the cost of carnivory in their modified leaves (called traps). All investigated carnivorous plant species assimilate carbon dioxide using the C3 pathway, with the rate of photosynthesis (AN) being lower in comparison to noncarnivorous species. ![]() Although carnivorous plants can obtain organic carbon from their animal prey, they rely on photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide. ![]()
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